Manipur’s Quest for Self-Determination: A Historical Imperative

By:- Denish Ngangom
In 1947, the withdrawal of British imperialism restored Manipur to its historical status as an independent nation. However, on October 15, 1949, India forcibly annexed Manipur, unilaterally dissolving its constitutional and republican government. This annexation marked the onset of India’s re-colonization of Manipur, erasing its sovereignty and autonomy.
India’s annexation of Manipur constitutes a flagrant disregard for international norms respecting state sovereignty. Historical records unequivocally establish Manipur’s existence as an independent kingdom for centuries, a fact rooted in reality, not myth or folklore. The state’s distinct indigenous language, script, belief system ni, culture, arts, and established military and administrative institutions, all underscore its rich heritage and well-defined boundaries, integral to the Manipuri worldview.
The neighboring powers, including Ava (present-day Myanmar), have historically acknowledged Manipur’s significance in the Western South East Asian political landscape. The bravery and prowess of Manipuri soldiers are exemplified by their conquest of Kaunghmudaw Pagoda, the former capital of Ava, where they left an indelible mark by inscribing their swords’ edges on the pagoda’s doors. This feat showcases the unwavering courage and national pride of our ancestors. Furthermore, the Battle of Khongjom during the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891 epitomizes the deeply ingrained love for freedom and independence that defines Manipur’s national identity. This aspiration for independence is not merely a historical notion but an entrenched ethos that continues to shape the state’s essence. However, under the guise of India’s purported democracy, the time-honored morale and national sensibilities of the Manipuri people have been alarmingly eroded.
For over two millennia, the people of the hills and valleys in Manipur have shared a symbiotic relationship built on practical foundations. This harmonious coexistence has withstood numerous external threats to its independence, including a brief Burmese occupation. The 1826 Treaty of Yandaboo restored Manipur’s sovereignty, but its alliance with the British was short-lived due to colonial machinations. The Manipuris, driven by strong national aspirations, sensed the British colonial ambitions and valiantly fought to preserve their political freedom, leading to the
Anglo-Manipuri War of 1891. Unfortunately, the war resulted in Manipur’s colonization.
It’s undeniable that each of us has been tirelessly contributing to the collective cause from various fronts. The peasants, workers, and daily wage earners have consistently shown resilience in their struggle for survival and support for the marginalized communities. Meanwhile, the artists and sports persons have showcased their talents to the world, reaffirming and inspiring Manipuri national pride. Women, fellow citizens, and young people are rising up to challenge the moral, cultural, and political crises facing our society, driven by a shared desire for a better tomorrow.
The yearning for a brighter future is deeply entwined with the quest for liberation. It is imperative that all citizens recognize the significance of this struggle and unite towards achieving independence. A collective mass movement is crucial to restore Manipur’s lost sovereignty. While a dedicated group of armed revolutionaries has taken up the mantle, the responsibility of reclaiming independence extends to every Manipuri. The challenge lies in combating a formidable enemy with limited resources, exacerbated by the counter-revolutionary actions of local police. Their suppression of revolutionary aspirations has forced many patriots into exile, threatening the future of Manipuri society. It is essential to acknowledge the collective responsibility in this struggle and work towards a prosperous, independent Manipur.
The grant-in-aid system in India has created a mindset among our people that they cannot survive without it, a legacy of colonialism that persists to this day. This system has led to widespread human rights violations, denial of justice, and sowing of communal discord, which have become the pillars of India’s colonial grip on us. Moreover, our youths are being deliberately distracted and disempowered through easy access to drugs, alien cultural influences, and economic deprivation, making it impossible to rebuild our Manipuri society as long as India’s colonialism continues to dominate our lives. For centuries, the world has witnessed the emergence of collective identities that evolve into distinct political entities, characterized by their unique culture, governance, territoriality, and sovereignty. Manipur’s transformation into a self-sustaining political and modern constitutional society is now widely recognized. The international community is increasingly acknowledging Manipur’s tragic loss of independence to India in 1949 as a violation of international norms and legal principles. This presents a timely opportunity for us to unite and assert our historical right to self-determination, demanding its implementation and recognition.
The situation in Manipur warrants a critical evaluation of the state’s governance structure, which some perceive as perpetuating external influences. It’s essential to
recognize how the emphasis on development and progress might be masking underlying power dynamics. A nuanced understanding of the relationship between promised investments, policies, and actual outcomes is necessary to avoid misconceptions about the state’s reality.
It’s our historical duty to prevent colonial forces from exploiting our people’s aspirations, which could lead to long-term dependence on foreign powers. As we navigate global changes, we must develop a thoughtful approach to protect our economy and society. With capitalism advancing globally, we need to strike a balance between shielding ourselves and participating in modern development, acknowledging that the responsibility lies with us. Instead of simply accepting globalization and liberalization, we must critically reposition Manipur’s strategic location as a hub between Western South East Asia and South Asian economies. Our state’s unique position offers a significant advantage for driving economic growth and planning. We can draw inspiration from Singapore’s remarkable economic success.
It’s essential to dispel the misconception that Manipur cannot sustain itself independently. As we navigate the 21st century, an era dominated by Asian economies, we must recognize the opportunities presented by the proposed trilateral highway passing through Manipur. This project can help us reconnect with Asian powers, fostering economic growth and political recognition.
Manipur’s intellectuals play a vital role in educating the public about our state’s central role in regional trade prospects. China’s economic rise, initiated by Deng Xiaoping in the 1970s, demonstrates the importance of careful planning and collective growth. Today, China is the world’s second-largest economy.
However, unlike China, Manipur’s situation is complex due to its non-independent status. We must approach the Act East Policy with caution, acknowledging both its potential benefits and risks. Our leaders must recognize the urgency of this situation and take responsibility for protecting the interests of indigenous communities.
The influx of outsiders, facilitated by dubious means despite local resistance, poses a significant threat. We demand stringent regulations on their movement and settlement to prevent the numerical subjugation of native populations. The Indian government must be held accountable for this conspiracy against indigenous peoples. We must act swiftly to control the situation before it spirals out of control. The unchecked settlement of Indians in Manipur has already compromised the state’s demographic and economic identity. As a traditionally self-sufficient society with a history of small family sizes, our tiny state’s unique conditions warrant special consideration. The influx of outsiders poses a long-term challenge that requires
collective attention and cooperation from both hill and valley communities. The concerns of valley dwellers about population growth and its impact are genuine and warrant serious consideration from all stakeholders. We must work together to develop a harmonious approach and policy to address this common problem.
The world Is witnessing a growing confrontation between indigenous communities and outsiders. Recent events in the United States and Myanmar exemplify this trend. In the US, a shooting incident involving an individual of Indian origin highlighted the anxieties of native settlers. In Myanmar, tensions between Buddhist Myanmaris and Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine state have escalated, fueled by the perception of Rohingyas as outsiders from Bangladesh and India. The slogan “Rakhine for Rohingya” has further antagonized Myanmaris, contributing to the current crisis. Similarly, the indigenous Tripuris have become a minority due to a constitutional provision known as Scheduled Tribe Reservation. In Manipur, the struggle to enact a law regulating outsiders’ entry into the state is crucial, and the hill people should support this effort without hesitation to prevent outsiders from dominating political power.
Historical facts suggest that the oppressed status of the Manipuri people is not irreversible. As aspirations for independence mature, the time will come to break free from India’s colonial grasp. India’s tenuous control over its frontiers, coupled with deteriorating international relations, particularly with neighboring countries, indicates an opportunity for Manipur’s liberation. As the people’s desire for selfdetermination grows, it’s essential to develop a governance system that reflects the collective values and sensibilities of the Manipuri people, paving the way for a potential future where they can determine their own destiny.
Considering our shared goals, it’s essential to focus our collective energy on meaningful efforts rather than squandering it on short-sighted communal agendas. These movements undermine our self-respect, dilute our Indian identity, and create a privileged elite. Recognizing this risk can significantly enhance our ongoing struggle for freedom. Remember, Manipur’s history as a distinct entity before 1949 serves as a reminder that our future may hold a similar path, where we must reclaim our autonomy.
In conclusion, the quest for self-determination is the very essence of Manipur’s existence, deeply rooted in its unique identity, sovereignty, and collective aspirations. As the global community increasingly recognizes the blatant disregard for international norms and legal principles, the moment has arrived for Manipur to reclaim its rightful autonomy. By embracing the wisdom of history, bridging internal divides, and harnessing regional synergies, the people of Manipur can unite in their
pursuit of a prosperous, independent future. The struggle for self-determination transcends mere political demands, becoming a moral imperative that safeguards the cultural heritage, dignity, and very survival of the Manipuri people. Together, we can forge a future where Manipur’s sovereignty is revered, and its people are empowered to shape their own destiny, free from the shackles of oppression.
(The author is Thang-Ta’s Instructor)