By – N. Brajakanta Singh,
Guest Lecturer, Department of Law, Manipur University.
Abstract:
Street vending in India is a reality. It is an important source of employment for a large number of urban and rural poor as it requires low skills and small financial inputs. The street vendors sells many goods, such as food items, vegetables, clothes, fruits, seasonal items etc. who have no other channels of marketing the products that they produce. They also ensure the availability of goods and services at cheaper rates to people. However, they are rarely treated with the same measure of dignity and tolerance as other permanently settled vendors.They are constantly harassed by the authorities. They are targeted by municipalities and police in the urban areas as illegal traders, the urban middle class complains that these vendors make urban life a living hell as they block pavements, create traffic problem and also engage in anti-social activities. For most street vendors, trading from the road site and pavements is full of uncertainties. Besides sudden raids by municipal staffs and police, street vendors normally have to regularly bribe the authorities in order to carry out their business on the streets. All these mean that asubstantive income from street vending is spent on greasing the palms of unscrupulous authorities or to private money lenders. In fact in most cases street vendors have to survive in a hostile environment though they are service providers. Street vendors are often regarded as public nuisance. They are accused of depriving pedestrians of their space, causing traffic jams and having links with anti-social activities The lack of recognition of the role of the street vendors culminates in a multitude of problems faced by them: obtaining license, insecurity of earnings, insecurity of place of hawking, gratifying officers and musclemen, constant eviction threat, fines and harassment by traffic policemen. Street vendors have poor social protection and their working conditions on the streets expose them to a variety of safety and health issues. On the other hand, regulation of street vendors occupying streets, pavements and other public places is an indispensable function of urban local bodies. Therefore their protection is the issue. The present paper attempts to highlight that the recognition, protection and enforcement of the rights of street vendors should not be neglected by the municipal bodies in their management of public places. It is also attempted to draw serious attention of the Imphal Municipal Corporation to protectthe rights of street vendors in Imphal area by effective implementation of the law relating to protection of street vendors.
Key words: Municipality, natural markets, street vendors, vending zone.
INTRODUCTION
A large section of street vendors in urban areas are those with low skills and who have migrated to the larger cities from rural areas or small towns in search of employment. These people take to street vending when they do not find other means of livelihood. Though the income in this business is low, the investment too is low and the people do not require special skills or training. Hence for these people, men and women, street vending is the easiest form for earning their livelihood.These street vendors in fact build an important component in the chain of goods supply. Street vending is not only a source of self-employment to the poor in cities and towns but also a means to provide ‘affordable’ as well as ‘convenient’ services to majority of the urban population. Further these street vendors provide goods to the consumers at convenient locations or even at their doorstep. They provide affordable options to the buyers and therefore enable a number of low income and middle income households to sustain in the urban areas. Therefore, street vendors perform a dual role in the urban economy; supporting a large number of households and providing livelihood opportunities to people. It also provides an outlet to people looking for seasonal employment as well as an impetus to the business of small scale or home-based industries. Therefore street vending is a way for poor people to earn livelihood and make their way out of poverty. It also sustains the urban middle income and low income groups by making available to them affordable goods and services at convenient locations. Overwhelming majority of street vendors in Manipur, particularly in Imphal are women withsmall percentage of male hawkers mostly from outside the state (Bihar, Assam and West Bengal). They sell a variety of goods such as fish, vegetables, handloom and handicraft products, garments, bread and confectionery, plastic goods, books, newspapers and magazines, fruits, rice, seeds, other home-based manufactured items etc.
MANAGING PUBLIC SPACES IN URBAN MUNICIPAL AREA
The Manipur Town Planning and Country Planning Act, 1975 provides that in residential area there should be provisions for 4 to 6 shops and 10 hawkers per 1,000 people. The Manipur Municipalities Act,1994 also empowers the Imphal Municipal Corporation to manage public places, regulate markets, trading and commercial activities in Imphal area. Other laws like the Police Act, the Motor Vehicles Act, the Criminal Procedure Code, etc, are enforced to protect and regulate public spaces and allow free flow of traffic on the roads. Hawkers become the main victims of these laws because they are viewed as the main obstructers and encroachers. What the municipal authorities and the police overlook are that there could be many other forms of encroachment, besides hawkers. The rapid increase of vehicles on the roads creates problems not only of traffic congestion but also of parking space. Several shops encroach on the pavements by illegally extending their construction. Such encroachments are often tolerated by the municipal authorities and the city police.Despite the fact that hawkers perform an important role in urban life their importance is considerably undermined by the municipal administration.There are sections of the public who feel that hawkers encroach on spaces meant for civic use, and others simply consider them as eyesores. The shop keepers in the market feel that their businesses are affected by these street vendors. Even those, who may be buying goods from these street vendors, would like for them to be more obscure. Street vendors are viewed as a problem that has to be controlled rather than as production units that contribute to the urban economy. They are often viewed as a nuisance or obstruction to other commerce and the free flow of traffic. Since they typically lack legal status and recognition, they frequently experience harassment and evictions from their selling place by local authorities or competing shopkeepers. City administrators continue to regard hawking as illegal and hence hawkers are under constant threats of eviction and victimisation. At the same time we can see that hawkers cannot be removed not merely because a large number of people are dependent on street vending for their livelihood, but also because the common urban dweller benefits from their services. It is true that hawkers do create problems for pedestrians and commuters. However the solution lies not in banning or curbing hawking but in regulating this vocation. This can only be done when the municipal authorities stop treating hawkers as anti-social elements.
LEGAL STATUS OF STREET VENDORS
The controversy whether any right per se vests in street vendors to carry out their vocation in order to earn a livelihood has been well settled in a catena of cases by the Supreme Court of India. In 1985, for the first time, in the case of Bombay Hawkers’ Union vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation and Ors.,[1985(3)SCC528], the SupremeCourt upheld the right to livelihood of the street vendors and went on to observe that unreasonable restrictions and conditions cannot be imposed on street vendors. There are no legal reasons for preventing hawking. Later in 1989, the Supreme Court gave another landmarkjudgment regarding this issue in the case of Sodhan Singh vs. NDMC, [1989(4)SCC 155]. The Apex Court ruled that every individual has the right to earn a livelihood as a fundamental right. Hawking is thus a fundamental right provided it does not infringe on the rights of others. The Court directed all state governments to evolve regulations for hawking through zones. In Gainda Ram vs. MCD,[2010(10)SCC715], the court observed: “the fundamental right of the hawkers, just because they are poor and unorganized, cannot be left in a state of limbo nor can it left to be decided by the varying standards of a scheme which changes from time to time under the orders of the Court”.It can be safely stated that the street vendors too have fundamental right to earn their livelihood and their goods cannot be confiscated or destroyed arbitrarily by the police or municipal authorities. The municipal authorities are required to follow the requirement of natural justice i.e., right to notice and hearing before eviction or relocation of street vendors and confiscating their goods.
THE STREET VENDORS (PROTECTION OF LIVELIHOOD AND REGULATION OF STREET VENDING) ACT, 2014
The new legislation is enacted to protect the rights of urban street vendors and to regulate street vending activities based on various Supreme Court and high court judgments and the National Policy on Urban Street Vendors 2009. The important features of the Act are as follows:
a. NATURAL MARKETS
According to Section 2(e) “natural market” means a market where sellers and buyers have traditionally congregated for the sale and purchase of products or services and has been determined as such by the local authority on the recommendations of the Town Vending Committee. It is a well-recognized concept that markets tend to grow around certain areas depending on factors like customer preferences, economicstatus of the inhabitants etc. It is pertinent that regard be given to these natural markets and that in order to regularize the street vending activities these vendors are not randomly relocated.
b. TOWN VENDING COMMITTEE
A new body to manage, regulate and control street vendors is created by the law. Section 22(1) mandates the appropriate Government may, by rules made in this behalf, provide for the term and the manner of constituting a Town Vending Committee in each local authority. Sub-section (2) provides that each Town Vending Committee shall consist of:— (a) Municipal Commissioner or Chief Executive Officer, as the case may be, who shall be the Chairperson; and(b) such number of other members as may be prescribed, to be nominated by the appropriate Government, representing the local authority, medical officer of the local authority, the planning authority, traffic police, police, association of street vendors, market associations, traders associations, non-governmental organisations, community based organisations, resident welfare associations, banks and such other interests as it deems proper; (c) the number of members nominated to represent the non-governmental organisations and the community based organisations shall not be less than ten per cent.; (d) the number of members representing the street vendors shall not be less than forty per cent. who shall be elected by the street vendors themselves in such manner as may be prescribed: Provided that one-third of members representing the street vendors shall be from amongst women vendors: Provided further that due representation shall be given to the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, minorities and persons with disabilities from amongst the members representing street vendors.
c. VENDING ZONE
Section 2(n) defines “vending zone” and it means an area or a place or a location designated as such by the local authority, on the recommendations of the Town Vending Committee, for the specific use by street vendors for street vending and includes footpath, side walk, pavement, embankment, portions of a street, waiting area for public or any such place considered suitable for vending activities and providing services to the general public.
d. REGULATION OF STREET VENDING
Section 3(1) provides that the Town Vending Committee shall, within such period and in such manner as may be specified in the scheme, conduct a survey of all existing street vendors, within the area under its jurisdiction, and subsequent survey shall be carried out at least once in every five years. Section 3(2) mandates that the Town Vending Committee shall ensure that all existing street vendors, identified in the survey, are accommodated in the vending zones subject to a norm conforming to two and half per cent of the population of the ward or zone or town or city, as the case may be, in accordance with the plan for street vending and the holding capacity of the vending zones. It is provided in Section 3(3) that no street vendor shall be evicted or, as the case may be, relocated till the survey specified under sub-section (1) has been completed and the certificate of vending is issued to all street vendors. Section 4 (1) provides that every street vendor, identified under the survey carried out under sub-section (1) of section 3, who has completed the age of fourteen years or such age as may be prescribed by the appropriate Government, shall be issued a certificate of vending by the Town Vending Committee, subject to such terms and conditions and within the period specified in the scheme including the restrictions specified in the plan for street vending:
e. RIGHTS OF STREET VENDORS
The new law recognized certain important rights of street vendors. According to section 12(1), every street vendor shall have the right to carry on the business of street vending activities in accordance with the terms and conditions mentioned in the certificate of vending. Section 13provides further that every street vendor, who possesses a certificate of vending, shall, in case of his relocation under section 18, be entitled for new site or area, as the case may be, for carrying out his vending activities as may be determined by the local authority, in consultation with the Town Vending Committee.
f. OBLIGATIONS OF STREET VENDORS
i. No street vendor shall carry out any vending activities in no-vending zone.
ii. Every street vendor shall maintain cleanliness and public hygiene in the vending zones and the adjoining areas.
iii. Every street vendor shall maintain civic amenities and public property in the vending zone in good condition and not damage or destroy or cause any damage or destruction to the same.
iv. Every street vendor shall pay such periodic maintenance charges for the civic amenities and facilities provided in the vending zones as may be determined by the local authority.
v. Where a street vendor occupies space on a time sharing basis, he shall remove his goods and wares every day at the end of the time-sharing period allowed to him.
g. RELOCATION AND EVICTION OF STREET VENDORS
Section18 (1) provides that the local authority may, on the recommendations of the Town Vending Committee, declare a zone or part of it to be a no-vending zone for any public purpose and relocate the street vendors vending in that area, in such manner as may be specified in the scheme. Sub-section (2) empowers the local authority that it shall evict such street vendor whose certificate of vending has been cancelled under section 10 or who does not have a certificate of vending and vends without such certificate, in such manner as may be specified in the scheme. However, no street vendor shall be relocated or evicted by the local authority from the place specified in the certificate of vending unless he has been given thirty days’ notice for the same in such manner as may be specified in the scheme. As per sub-section (4) a street vendor shall be relocated or evicted by the local authority physically in such manner as may be specified in the scheme only after he had failed to vacate the place specified in the certificate of vending, after the expiry of the period specified in the notice.Therefore, it can be seen that vendors who manage to obtain a vending certificate and are operating from a location but are being relocated under the Act can assert a temporary right which is vested in them through the certificate to vend from any site whatsoever. Therefore, this right to relocation is very important and adds some strength to the concept of property rights of street vendors.
h. PLAN FOR STREET VENDING
Section 21(1) requires every local authority shall, in consultation with the planning authority and on the recommendations of the Town Vending Committee, once in every five years, prepare a plan to promote the vocation of street vendors. Sub-section (2) mandates that the “Town Vending Committee shall ensure that all existing street vendors, identified in the survey, are accommodated in the vending zones subject to a norm conforming to two and half per cent of the population of the ward or zone or town or city, as the case may be, in accordance with the plan for street vending and the holding capacity of the vending zones.” This creates a minimum base for the number of street vendors that need to be accommodated in the area. This may form an important tool for the vendors or civil society organisations to assert street vendors’ right to vend.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESSTION
Despite the fact that these vendors act as an important catalyst in the economy, there has been either a lack of or no planning in this regard. The present researcher is informed by municipal staffs that constitution of Town Vending Committee is in the pipeline and vending zones will be demarcated in near future. Even if the Municipal administration claims to have formulated certain planning processes, it has failed to effectively implement the same.The unfortunate part of the above efforts is that the problem is being looked at in a piece meal manner. A broad and holistic approach is needed to find a long lasting solution of the problem. For example, while formulating urban plans it is necessary to take into account the right of hawkers to public space. In other words, all urban plans demarcate public spaces for specific purposes such as parks and gardens, educational institutions, hospitals etc. Hawking also needs to be included in this. Plans must take into account the idea of natural markets in urban areas. These natural markets are usually the most convenient spots for consumers. These markets need to be developed and regulated.If designed properly, street vending has the potential to add to the effeciency of a city. Vendors should be placed where they can find business easily, and this must be achieved without impeding pedestrians, moving traffic and any other city activity.Street vending must become a planned activity written into the urban planning and operational statutes. The Imphal Municipal Corporation need to provide space for street vendors by charging a fee for garbage collection and sweeping, besides collecting license fees which could amount to several hundred thousands of rupees annually. This would provide additional revenue for cash strapped municipality. It is high time that the new legislation must be enforced without any delay in the state of Manipur.
[This Paper was presented in the National Seminar on Issues and Challenges of Local self government in Manipur orgd. By Centre for Manipur Studies, Manipur University from Dec 14- Dec 15, 2018)]
